Caligae: The Iconic Marching Boots of the Roman Empire

The caligae, heavy-soled hobnailed boots, stand as one of the most enduring symbols of Roman military might. Issued to both the Legio Romanus and the Auxilia throughout the Res Publica Romana and later the Imperium Rōmānum, these boots were worn by soldiers of all ranks as they marched across continents, leaving their imprint on history with each step. No other footwear is as closely tied to the expansion and dominance of an empire as the famous caligae.

At first glance, the caligae may resemble modern sandals with their open design, but they were much more than casual footwear. These were marching boots, designed for the rigors of long military campaigns.

Their thick soles, reinforced with hobnails, provided durability and traction on a wide range of terrain, while the open structure allowed for ventilation, a crucial feature for soldiers traversing hot climates. These boots carried the Roman army to the farthest reaches of the empire, from the windswept hills of Britain to the scorching sands of North Africa.

Numerous examples of caligae have been discovered at 1st-century CE archaeological sites, offering a glimpse into the lives of Roman soldiers and the military machine that defined an era. While sandals proper were considered indoor footwear, reserved for banquets or leisure, the caligae were made for the battlefield. Slaves often carried their masters’ sandals to be worn for formal occasions, but the caligae stayed strapped to the feet of soldiers, a testament to their purpose and utility.

In many ways, the caligae represent the spirit of the Roman army practical, relentless, and far-reaching. These boots are not just relics of the past; they are a powerful symbol of the empire’s march through history, carrying with them the weight of conquest, culture, and the spread of Roman influence.